Invesco Nasdaq-100 ETF SPDR S&P 500 ETF SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF

6m (24w) ahead

Top Predictive Factors

Causally predictive factors for the values of the selected instruments at the time point 6m (24w) away.

PepsiCo, Inc. Common Stock

2025-11-17T18:56:48.516695 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/

Abbott Laboratories

2025-11-17T18:56:48.536180 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/

Cintas Corporation Common Stock

2025-11-17T18:56:48.556606 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/

SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF

2025-11-17T18:56:48.578469 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/

as of

Our Probabilistic Prediction

We train a group of models, each predicting a set of possible outcomes for the time point 6m (24w) away. Below are all predictions as of .

2025-11-17T18:56:48.853419 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/
Goodness of Probabilistic Prediction

For any date, the prediction plotted in graded colored bars are calculated 6m (24w) prior to that date.

2025-11-17T18:56:49.048122 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/

On each date of the above sample, we read out the realised probability level then test the hypothesis that they follow the uniform distribution between 0 and 1, when the prediction is generally done well (whitepaper). The user is free to use any significance level e.g. 0.001, 0.01, 0.05 for the test.

Invesco Nasdaq-100 ETF

🟢 p-value: 0.009 > 0.001

2025-11-17T18:56:49.205511 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/
2025-11-17T18:56:50.148997 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/
Goodness of Probabilistic Prediction

For any date, the prediction plotted in graded colored bars are calculated 6m (24w) prior to that date.

2025-11-17T18:56:50.339669 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/

On each date of the above sample, we read out the realised probability level then test the hypothesis that they follow the uniform distribution between 0 and 1, when the prediction is generally done well (whitepaper). The user is free to use any significance level e.g. 0.001, 0.01, 0.05 for the test.

SPDR S&P 500 ETF

🟢 p-value: 0.092 > 0.001

2025-11-17T18:56:50.494951 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/
2025-11-17T18:56:51.432946 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/
Goodness of Probabilistic Prediction

For any date, the prediction plotted in graded colored bars are calculated 6m (24w) prior to that date.

2025-11-17T18:56:51.738760 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/

On each date of the above sample, we read out the realised probability level then test the hypothesis that they follow the uniform distribution between 0 and 1, when the prediction is generally done well (whitepaper). The user is free to use any significance level e.g. 0.001, 0.01, 0.05 for the test.

SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF

🟢 p-value: 0.385 > 0.001

2025-11-17T18:56:51.956592 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/

Trades

Next-Day Position

Each model casts a vote "up", "down" or "undecided" on the direction of change from the calculation time to the time point 6m (24w) away. The signal is the net vote (percentage of "up" votes minus percentage of "down" votes). As each signal output over the recent 6m (24w) concerns the next day, the next-day position is the average of the signals calculated over the last 6m (24w).

% Up % Down % Un­de­cided
Invesco Nasdaq-100 ETF 73% 1% 25%
SPDR S&P 500 ETF 76% 0% 24%
SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF 89% 3% 8%

with respect to the time point respectively,

Time Value
Invesco Nasdaq-100 ETF Fri 2025-11-14 UTC 608.86
SPDR S&P 500 ETF Fri 2025-11-14 UTC 671.93
SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF Fri 2025-11-14 UTC 471.8

Performance of Past Trades

The Sharpe ratio is calculated on returns measured as the difference between values rather than in percentage, assuming zero trading cost.

Invesco Nasdaq-100 ETF
Active Buy-and-Hold
Sharpe ratio
(the higher the better)
1.1 1.23
Solvency II Value-at-Risk 99.5%
(the lower the better)
27.55 7.45
2025-11-17T18:56:49.739550 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/
SPDR S&P 500 ETF
Active Buy-and-Hold
Sharpe ratio
(the higher the better)
1.09 1.15
Solvency II Value-at-Risk 99.5%
(the lower the better)
- 3.14
2025-11-17T18:56:51.021052 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/
SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF
Active Buy-and-Hold
Sharpe ratio
(the higher the better)
0.84 0.88
Solvency II Value-at-Risk 99.5%
(the lower the better)
1.26 2.28
2025-11-17T18:56:52.490743 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.7.3, https://matplotlib.org/